衛生類B級：閱讀理解Pessimism Increases
A 70-year study of personality suggests that pessimism (悲觀主義) is a risk factor for early death， especially among men.
The study results also indicate that pessimism can be linked to increased risk for sudden death from accidents or violence， according to the report published in the March issue of Psychological Science.
Christopher Peterson of the University of Michigan and his colleagues analyzed data from the Terman LifeCycle Study， which began by studying California public-school children with high IQs in 1921 and followed them through their life. Most of the 1528 children were preadolescents (少年) when the study began. Those still living are now in their 80s. In 1936 and 1940， participants were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to obtain information about difficult life events and their effect on overall outlook. One such question was， “What do you regard as your most serious fault of personality or character?”
Pessimists were defined as fatalistic (宿命論的) people who tend to blame themselves when things go wrong and who believe that one bad event can ruin the rest of their life. They also tend to expect bad things to happen to them and feel that they have little or no ability to change their situation.
Males were more likely than females to be classified as pessimistic. Compared with individuals with a more cheerful and optimistic outlook， pessimists were more likely to die from accidents and violence(including suicide).
A pessimistic personality may lead to poor problem-solving ability， social difficulties and risky decisionmaking. Taken together， these variables put the pessimist at higher risk of untimely (不適時的) death， say the researchers. Such a person is less likely to avoid or escape potentially dangerous situations， the researchers concluded. “A pessimistic way of thinking in which people worry too much about bad events， foreshadows (預示) untimely death decades later， ” according to Peterson.
31 According to the passage， you may be a pessimistic person， if one failure makes you feel
A other people have been unfair to you.
B other people will help you.
C you cannot change a bad situation.
D you can do better next time.
32 According to the passage， pessimists may feel all of the following EXCEPT
A helpless when faced with difficulties.
B cheerful when faced with troubles.
C hopeless when one bad event occurs.
D guilty when things go wrong.
33 Which of the following statements is true， according to the passage?
A Pessimists believe that everything in life depends on fate.
B There are more pessimists among women than among men.
C Most pessimists will end up committing suicide.
D All pessimists will eventually die from accidents.
34 The Terman Life-Cycle Study is a research program that studies
A people over 70 years old.
B people since their childhood.
C pessimistic people over 80 years old.
D only younger people.
35 The analysis made by Christopher Peterson and his colleagues shows that pessimistic people
A will die from violence if they learn to be optimistic.
B will die soon if they are not able to learn to be cheerful and optimistic.
C will die from violence because their IQs are low.
D will more likely die from violence than optimistic people.