綜合類(lèi)：閱讀綜合指導(dǎo)如何做詞匯理解題
在職稱(chēng)考試中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些詞匯性選擇題。詞匯性選擇題主要是考察考生對(duì)一個(gè)詞匯或短語(yǔ)在特定語(yǔ)言環(huán)境下的確切含義。所考的詞匯主要有兩類(lèi)： 一類(lèi)是超出大綱詞匯表的詞匯，以前沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)的新詞，要求考生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)出它的確切含義。另一類(lèi)是熟詞僻義或者是舊詞新義（即原來(lái)學(xué)過(guò)的詞在新的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境下另有新義）。在這種情況下，考生以前知道的常規(guī)詞義往往都不是解。有的考生想通過(guò)查閱詞典來(lái)找出答案。實(shí)踐證明，對(duì)于這種考題，查閱詞典往往無(wú)濟(jì)于事。考生一定要切記：只有根據(jù)上下文才能選出具體的，合乎文章內(nèi)容的正確詞義。因此考生在解題時(shí)，首先要對(duì)文章上下文有一個(gè)正確的理解，利用文章中所給出的線(xiàn)索或暗示來(lái)推斷詞義。根據(jù)上下文推斷詞義主要有以下幾種方法：
（1） 利用定義和釋義
有時(shí)在一篇文章中，作者估計(jì)到某個(gè)詞或詞組讀者可能不熟悉，就常常在這個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)后面直接給出定義或換一種說(shuō)法進(jìn)行解釋。例如：
They need to make their income meet the cost of living; so many people plan a family budget. A budget is a list of monthly expenses．
Experts in kinetics， in their study of body motions as related to speech， hope to discover new methods of communication.
He was a very astute buyer， estimating values very carefully and never allowing himself to be deceived.
Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.
These medical students have decided to become pediatricians， that is， doctors specializing in the care and diseases of children.
A jetty――a wall built out into the water， protects the harbor.
To boycott a store means to refuse to shop in the store.
Jane is indecisive， that is， she cant make up her mind.
I thought they were old-fashioned， thinking too much of old ways and ideas.
Hausa， namely a language of the Sudan， is widely used as a trade language throughout western Africa.
An autobiography is the story of a persons life written by himself.
Holography， or three-dimensional photography， has many industrial applications.
Every once in a while in some part of the world or another， the ground suddenly shakes， and we call the event an earthquake.
Carbon monoxide （co） is a noxious gas which can cause death.
He had a wan look. He was so pale and weak that we thought he was ill.
Should the government regulate the cost of resources such as oil and gas? Some people do not believe that government control is the solution to the problem of the rising cost of fuel.
（2） 利用同義詞或反義詞
反義詞前通常有but ，however， not， yet， while， although， nevertheless， unlike， instead， in contrast等信號(hào)詞。
His naiveté， or innocence， was obvious.
My sister Kathy is lively and outgoing， however， I am rather introverted.
Mary was jubilant but Jane was sorrowful.
Danny was hesitant whereas Jean leaned forward eagerly.
Her shirt was clean but her shoes were grubby.
American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late.
Their friends laughed at them， and my sisters felt wretched， very unhappy.
It has an enormous， a very powerful influence on our lives.
In an aging person the new cells may not be as viable or as capable of growth as those of a young man.