衛生類：閱讀理解Listening Device Provides
A device that provides early warning of a landslide by monitoring vibrations in soil is being tested by UK researchers． Tile device could save thousands of lives each year by warning when an area should be evacuated，the scientists say． Such natural disasters are common in countries that experience sudden，heavy rainfall，and can also be triggered by earthquakes and even water erosion．
Landslides start when a few particles of soil or rock within a slope start to move，but the early stages can be hard to spot． Following this initial movement，“slopes can become． unstable in a matter of hours or minutes，” says Nell Dixon at Loughborough University1，UK．He says a warning system that monitors this movement “might be enough to evacuate a block of fiats or clear a road，and save lives．”
The most common way to monitor a slope for signs of an imminent landslide is to watch for changes in its shape．Surveyors can do this by measuring a site directly，or sensors sunk into boreholes or fixed above ground can be used to monitor the shape of a slope．Slopes can，however，change shape without triggering a landslide，so either method is prone to causing false alarms．Now Dixon’s team has developed a device that listens for the vibrations caused when particles begin moving within a slope．
The device takes the form of a steel pipe dropped into a boreh01e in a slope．The borehole is filled in with gravel around the pipe to help transmit high-frequency vibrations generated by particles within the slope．These vibrations pass up the tube and are picked up by a sensor on the surface．Software analyses the vibration signal to determine whether a landslide may be imminent．
The device is currently being tested in a 6-metre-tall artificial clay embankment in Newcastle2，UK．Early results suggest it should provide fewer false positives than existing systems．Once it has been carefully and thoroughly tested，the device could be used to create a complete early-warning system for dangerous slopes．
“Locations with a significant risk of landslides could definitely benefit from a machine like this，” says Adam Poulter，an expert at the British Red Cross．“As long as it doesn’t cost too much．” But，Poulter adds that an early-warning system may not be enough on its own．“You need to have the human communication，” he says．“Making systems that get warnings to those who need them can be difficult．”
詞匯：
landslide/5lAndslaId/n．山崩；地滑；塌方 imminent/5iminEnt/adj．即將發生的
vibration/vai5breiFEn/n．振動 sensor/5sensE(r)/ n．傳感器
evacuate/i5vAkjueit/v．疏散，撒走 borehole/5bC:hEul/n．鉆孔，井眼
rainfall/5reinfC:l /n．降雨，降雨量 gravel/5^rAvEl/n．礫，沙礫，礫石
erosion/i5rEuVEn/n．腐蝕，侵蝕 embankment/Im5bANkmEnt/n．堤岸
注釋：
1． Loughborough University：拉夫堡大學。該大學地處英格蘭東部的拉夫堡市，始建于1909年的拉夫堡學院，1966年獲得皇家特許正式成為綜合大學。
2． Newcastle：紐卡斯爾。英格蘭東北部的一個自治區，位于利茲(Leeds)以北泰納(the Tync River)河畔。
練習:
1． What does “Such natural disasters” in the first paragraph refer to?
A Sudden，heavy rainfall．
B Earthquakes．
C Water erosion．
D Landslides．
2． Which of the following statements is true of landslides?
A The initial movement is hard to spot．
B They start with a movement of a few particles of soil or rock．
C They can be destructive in a matter of hours or minutes．
D All of the above．