閱讀判斷smoking is a ealth hazard
Since 1939， numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a ealth hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important
actor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
Apart from statistics， it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the
human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases， vaporized chemicals， minute particles of ash and
other solids. There is also nicotine， which is powerful poison， and black tar. As smoke is breathed in， all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer， but they can only slightly reduce， not eliminate the hazards.
詞匯：
vaporize [ve？p？ra？z] v. （使）蒸發 nicotine [n？k？ti：n] n. 尼古丁
membrane [membrein] n.膜 bronchus [br？？k？s] n. 支氣管
注釋：
life expectancy： 預期壽命
low tar tobacco： 焦油含量低的煙草
1. It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.（一段）
A. Right B 。Wrong C. Not mentioned
2. Smoking reduces one’s life expectancy.（一段）
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
3. Smoking may induce lung cancer.（二段）
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
4. There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer.（無）
A. Right B 。Wrong C. Not mentioned
5. Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers（二段）
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
6. Nicotine is poisonous.（三段）
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
7. Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safer.（四段）
A. Right B 。Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案與題解：
1. B 該題說的是，判斷抽煙對健康是否有危害是容易的，但是，文章的第一句話是這么說的：自1939年以來進行了許多次研究，其目的都是為了判斷抽煙對健康是否是一種危害，可以看出判斷抽煙對健康是否是一種危害并不容易。
2. A 該題說的是：抽煙會縮短人們的預期壽命。該題源于第一段最后一個句子中的子句：tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy（抽煙與人的預期壽命縮短有關）。
3．A 該題說的是：抽煙有可能誘發肺癌。文章的第二段和第三段都講到了抽煙與肺癌的關系。
4．C 該題說的是：有證據說明入選愛是抽煙誘發的。文章并未提及。
5．B 該題說的是：男性煙民死于心臟病的比率小雨女性煙民死于心臟病的比率，文章沒有直接比較男性煙民和女性煙民死于心臟病的比率，但有這么一句話：Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smke so deeply. 據認為女性煙民并不把煙吸得很深，因此煙對她們的影響小于男性煙民。從中可以推斷出的是：男性煙民死于心臟病的比率高于女性煙民死于心臟病的比率。因此該題的命題是錯誤的。
6. A 該題說的是：尼古丁是有毒的。答案可在第三段找到。
7. B 該題說的是：有了過濾嘴和焦油含量低的煙草，抽煙時安全的。文章的最后一段（也是最后一句）是這么說的：據稱，過濾嘴和焦油含量低的煙草在某種程度上使抽煙變得較為安全，但是它們只是略微減少危害而不是消除危害。因此該題的命題是錯誤的。