職稱英語考試語法:定語及例題解析
也就是做名詞的修飾語。只要牢記本講“非謂語動詞的時態和語態意義”一節中的內容,就不難理解非謂語動詞做定語的問題。非謂語動詞做定語,本質上是“定語從句”,例如:
Where is the house built last year?
= Where is the house that(或which)was built last year (去年建造的那棟房子哪兒去了?)
Do you see the house being built there
= Do you see the house that (或which) is being built there?(看見那邊那棟正在建造的房子了嗎?)
The house to be built next month will be our dorm.
= The house that (或which) will be built (或that is to be built) next month will be our dorm.(下月要建造的那棟房子將是我們的宿舍。)
也就是說,只要把握好“時間狀語”和“語態(先行詞與動詞的關系)”,非謂語動詞做定語的考試選項比較容易,出題幾率也比較低。
有人可能會問:
I have a letter to write 和I have a letter to be written兩個句子中的黑體部分都是做“letter”的定語,為什么一個用主動,另一個用被動語態。一般來說,當動詞(write)的行為者就是句子的主語(I)時,用主動語態。因此,這兩個句子的內涵是有些區別的。但由于考試形式的局限性,一般不會考這種區別的。
4.狀語
非謂語動詞做狀語是這一講的重點,也是考試的重點。大家還記得“句子的連接”一講中說過的“逗號不能連接兩個句子”這句話和所舉的例子嗎?
錯:He is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(逗號不能連接兩個句子)
對:Because he is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(使用連接詞)
對:Being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(使用非謂語動詞形式)
如果:His child is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening. 該怎么改呢?
道理是一樣的:
His child being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.
也就是說,非謂語動詞也要有“行為的主體”,稱為“主格”;如果“非謂語動詞的行為的主體”與句子的主語不一致,要保留其行為主體(如上句中的“his child”),這種結構稱為“(分詞)獨立主格構”。