職稱英語考試語法:定語從句及例題
where: 當先行名詞在從句中當"地點狀語"時,用關系副詞where連接
例如:
The crime rate rises in cities where the unemployment rate increases. (失業率高的城市犯罪率也高。) 句中的where = in cities, 表示行為發生的地點。
這里的要點是能否區分是用that (which) 還是用 where, 即:是做"主語、賓表語",還是做"地點狀語",例如:
I love the small town that we visited last week.
句中"town"做動詞"visited"的賓語,即"參觀過的小鎮",故用that連接。
I love the small town where I lived during my childhood.
句中"town" 是動詞"lived"的地點,即"童年時住過的小鎮",故用where.
這也是定語從句的一個考點。
when : 當先行名詞在從句中當"時間狀語"時,用關系副詞when連接, 例如:
July is the month when we have a lot of rain. (七月是多雨的月份。)
注意"when"定語從句后推的現象,例如:
I think (that) the day will finally come when air pollution can be put under control. (我認為空氣污染得以控制的一天最終會來到。)
放在主句后面作非限制定語從句時(前面一般加","號),"when"一般譯為"此時","那時", 例如:
The meeting will be put off until next month, when we will have made all the preparations. (會議將推遲到下月,那時一切就準備就緒了。)
另一個關系副詞是why,由于它固定與the reason搭配, 即: the reason why,不難理解,一般也不作為考試的重點。例如:
This is the reason why the electronic computer cannot entirely replace man. 這就是(為什么)電子計算機不能完全代替人的原因。
whose (= of which / whom):做先行詞(不管是人還是物)的定語,漢語為"…的",不要考慮是否是限制性或非限制性定語從句, 例如:
Pay attention to that boy whose temperature is very high. (理論上也可以寫成:Pay attention to that boy the temperature of whom is very high. 注意那個男孩,他的體溫很高。(非限制性) / 注意那個體溫很高的男孩。(限制性)
介詞 which (whom)
先看兩個句子:
This is the house. He has lived in the house for over 30 years.
變為↓定語從句
This is the house in which he has lived for over 30 years.
上述句子中,先行詞在從句中充當介詞賓語,形成"介詞 which / whom"的形式,考試時要求作出1)要不要介詞;2)若要,使用什么介詞的判斷。由于英語中介詞搭配多為習慣用法,沒有多少規律可循,因此這是定語從句考試的一個難點。
記住四個字:瞻前顧后
瞻前:先看看先行詞一般與什么介詞搭配,例如:
There are occasions _____ which joking is not permissible.
→ Joking is not permissible _____ (certain) occasions.
常與occasion搭配的介詞是什么?on, 即:
Joking is not permissible on (certain) occasions. (有的場合是不容許開玩笑的。)
↓
There are occasions on which joking is not permissible.